DOCTORAL SEMINAR READINGS (RETRIEVED FROM http://home.nycap.rr.com/drmnelson/ISPhDReadings.zip)


Abdel-Hamid, T. and S. E. Madnick (1989). "Lessons Learned from Modeling the Dynamics of Software Development." Communications of the ACM 32(12): 1426 - 1438.
	

Abelson, R. P. (1981). "Psychological Status of the Script Concept." American Psychologist.
	

Abrahamson, E. and L. Rosenkopf (1997). "Social network effects on the extent of innovation diffusion: A computer simulation." Organization Science 8(3): 289.
	Theories of innovation diffusion no longer focus exclusively on explaining the rate at which innovations diffuse or the sequence in which they are adopted. They also focus on explaining why certain innovations diffuse extensively, becoming de facto standards, whereas others do not. Many of these theories specify a bandwagon process: a positive feedback loop in which increases in the number of adopters create stronger bandwagon pressures, and stronger bandwagon pressures, in turn, create increases in the number of adopters. Factors affecting if and how many times this feedback loop cycles explain if and how many potential adopters jump on a bandwagon. It is argued that one important factor has not yet been incorporated into these theories: the structure of social networks through which potential adopters of innovations find out information about these innovations which can cause them to adopt these innovations. It is proposed that both the number of network links, as well as small, seemingly insignificant idiosyncrasies of their structures, can affect the extent of an innovation's diffusion among members of a social network.


Ackerman, M. S. (2000). "The Intellectual Challenge of CSCW: The Gap Between Social Requirements and Technical Feasibility." Human-Computer Interaction 15(2): 181.
	Over the last 10 years, Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) has identified a base set of findings. These findings are taken almost as assumptions within the field. In summary, they argue that human activity is highly flexible, nuanced, and contextualized and that computational entities such as information sharing, roles, and social norms need to be similarly flexible, nuanced, and contextualized. However, current systems cannot fully support the social world uncovered by these findings. In this article I argue that there is an inherent gap between the social requirements of CSCW and its technical mechanisms. The social-technical gap is the divide between what we know we must support socially and what we can support technically. Exploring, understanding, and hopefully ameliorating this social-technical gap is the central challenge for CSCW as a field and one of the central problems for human-computer interaction. Indeed, merely attesting the continued centrality of this gap could be one of the important intellectual contributions of CSCW. I also argue that the challenge of the social-technical gap creates an opportunity to refocus CSCW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Ackoff, R. (1967). "Management misinformation systems." Management Science 14(4): 147,10.
	

Ackoff, R. L. (1971). "Towards a System of Systems Concepts." Management Science 17(11): 661,11.
	

Ackoff, R. L. (1983). "Beyond Prediction and Preparation." Journal of Management Studies 20(1): 59,11.
	

Adams, D. A. and R. R. Nelson (1992). "Perceived usefulness, ease of use, and usage of information technology: A replication." MIS Quarterly 16(2): 227.
	Examines how measures of perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness of information technology relate to self-reported measures of systems use. Results of a survey of 118 voice and/or electronic mail users; Survey of undergraduate and graduate students who have used Lotus 1-2-3, WordPerfect, and/or Harvard Graphics.


Agar, M. (1986). Speaking of ethnography. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage.
	

Agar, M. (1996). The professional stranger: an informal introduction to ethnography, Academic Press.
	

Agarwal, R. Individual acceptance of ITs. Framing the domain.
	

Agarwal, R. and E. Karahanna (2000). "Time flies when you're having fun: Cognitive absorption and beliefs about information technology usage." MIS Quarterly 24(4): 665.
	A description is given of a multi-dimensional construct labeled cognitive absorption and defined as a state of deep involvement with software. Cognitive absorption, theorized as being exhibited through the five dimensions of temporal dissociation, focused immersion, heightened enjoyment, control, and curiosity, is posited to be a proximal antecedent of two important beliefs about technology use: perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. In addition, it is proposed that the individual traits of playfulness and personal innovativeness are important determinants of cognitive absorption.


Agarwal, R. and J. Prasad (1998). "A Conceptual and Operational Definition of Personal Innovativeness in the Domain of Information Technology." Information Systems Research 9(2): 204.
	The acceptance of new information technologies by their intended users persists as an important issue for researchers and practitioners of information systems. Several models have been developed in the literature to facilitate understanding of the process by which new information technologies are adopted. This paper proposes a new construct that further illuminates the relationships explicit in the technology acceptance models and describes an operational measure for this construct that possesses desirable psychometric properties. The construct, personal innovativeness in the domain of information technology, is hypothesized to exhibit moderating effects on the antecedents as well as the consequences of individual perceptions about a new information technology. The construct was developed and validated in the context of the innovation represented by the World-Wide Web. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.(Instrument Development; Innovation; IT Adaption; World-Wide Web; IT Implementation; Personal Innovativeness) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Agarwal, R. and A. Sinha (1996). "Cognitive fit in requirements modeling: A study of object and process methodologies." Journal of Management Information Systems 13(2): 137,26.
	

Agarwal, R. and V. Venkatesh (2002). "Assessing a Firm's Web Presence: A Heuristic Evaluation Procedure for the Measurement of Usability." Information Systems Research 13(2): 168.
	Web site usability is a critical metric for assessing the quality of a firm's Web presence. A measure of usability must not only provide a global rating for a specific Web site, ideally it should also illuminate specific strengths and weaknesses associated with site design. In this paper, we describe a heuristic evaluation procedure for examining the usability guidelines developed by Microsoft. We present the categories and subcategories comprising these guidelines, and discuss the development of an instrument that operationalizes the measurement of usability. The proposed instrument was tested in a heuristic evaluation study where 1,475 users rated multiple Web sites from four different industry sectors: airlines, online bookstores, automobile manufacturers, and car rental agencies. To enhance the external validity of the study, users were asked to assume the role of a consumer or an investor when assessing usability. Empirical results suggest that the evaluation procedure, the instrument, as well as the usability metric exhibit good properties. Implications of the findings for researchers, for Web site designers, and for heuristic evaluation methods in usability testing are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Agha, G. (1990). "Concurrent Object-Oriented Programming." Communications of the ACM 33(9): 125.
	Discusses the foundations and methodology of concurrent object-oriented programming (COOP). Patterns of concurrent problem solving; Models of objects; On-going projects in COOP.


Agrawal, R., H. Mannila, et al. (1996). "Fast Discovery of Association Rules." Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining.
	

Agrawal, R. and R. Srikant (2001). On Integrating Catalogs. Proceedings of WWW 10, Hong Kong.
	

Ahuja, M. (2002). "Information Technology and the Gender Factor." European Journal of Information Systems 11(1): 20-34.
	

Ahuja, M. and J. Galvin (2003). "Socialization in Virtual Group." Journal of Management 29(2): 161,25.
	

Ahuja, M. K. (2002). "Women in the information technology profession: A literature review, synthesis and research agenda." European Journal of Information Systems 11(1): 20.
	Gender differences in IT careers appear to be affecting the competitiveness of companies globally. A model of barriers faced by women in the field of information technology is presented. Three distinct career stages of career choices, persistence and advancement are analyzed. At each stage, the effects of social and structural factors which may act as barriers are identified and discussed. Social factors include social expectations, work-family conflict and informal networks, while the structural factors are occupational culture, lack of role models and mentors, demographic composition and institutional structures. A proposed research agenda is offered. It is suggested that the social and structural factors as well as their interactions will result in turnover of women in IT.


Ahuja, M. K. and K. M. Carley (1999). "Network structure in virtual organizations." Organization Science 10(6): 741.
	Virtual organizations that use e-mail to communicate and coordinate their work toward a common goal are becoming ubiquitous. However, little is known about how these organizations work. Much prior research suggests that virtual organizations, for the most part because they use information technology to communicate, will be decentralized and nonhierarchical. This paper examines the behavior of one such organization. The analysis is based on a case study of the communication structure and content of communications among members of a virtual organization during a four-month period. The structure of a virtual organization is measured, and evidence of hierarchy is found. The findings imply that the communication structure of a virtual organization may exhibit different properties on different dimensions of structure. The relationship among task routineness, organizational structure, and performance is examined. Results indicate that the fit between structure and task routineness affects the perception of performance, but may not affect the actual performance of the organization. Thus, this virtual organization is similar to traditional organizations in some ways and dissimilar in other ways. It was similar to traditional organizations in so far as task-structure fit predicted perceived performance. However, it was dissimilar to traditional organizations in so far as fit did not predict objective performance. To the extent that the virtual organizations may be similar to traditional organizations, existing theories can be expanded to study the structure and perceived performance of virtual organizations. New theories may need to be developed to explain objective performance in virtual organizations.


Ahuja, M. K. and D. F. Galletta, and Carley, K.M. (2003). "Individual Centrality and Performance in Virtual R&D Groups: An Empirical Study." Management Science 49(1): 21,18.
	

Akbar, H. (2003). "Knowledge Levels And Their Transformation: Towards The Integration of Knowledge Creation And Individual Learning." Journal of Management Studies 40(8): 1997,25.
	

Akgun, A. E., G. S. Lynn, et al. (2003). "Organizational learning: A socio-cognitive framework." Human Relations 56(7): 839.
	Organizational learning is a popular topic in business and academia and attracts many researchers and practitioners from different fields. Even though organizational learning scholarship is still growing, there are few studies that cross-fertilize social cognition and organizational learning. This investigation examines organizational learning from the perspective of social cognition. It is argued that social cognition explains the organizational learning process better by integrating fragmented studies on the processes of learning, and the study proposes that organizational learning is an outcome of reciprocal interactions of the processes of information/knowledge acquisition, information/knowledge dissemination, information/knowledge implementation, sensemaking, memory, thinking unlearning, intelligence, improvisation, and emotions - connected by organizational culture. In addition, the implications of social cognition on organizational learning are discussed. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]


Akrich, M. (1992). The De-scription of Technical Artifacts. Shaping Technology/Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change.
	

Aladwani, A. M. (2002). "An Integrated Performance Model of Information Systems Projects." Journal of Management Information Systems 19(1): 185,26.
	

Alavi, M. (1984). "An Assessment of the Prototyping Approach to Information Systems Development." Communications of the ACM 27(6): 556 - 563.
	

Alavi, M. and P. Carlson (1989). The ecology of MIS research: a twenty year status review. 10th Internation Conference on Information Systems.
	

Alavi, M. and P. Carlson (1992). "A Review of MIS Research and Disciplinary Development." Journal of Management Information Systems 8(4): 45,18.
	

Alavi, M. and E. A. Joachimathaler (1992). "Revisiting DSS implementation research: A meta-analysis of the literature and suggestions for." MIS Quarterly 16(1): 95.
	Information systems are becoming increasingly critical to the daily operations and success of many firms. This, combined with the rising investments in design and development of these systems, make implementation a high priority research topic. Although information systems implementation has been a topic of interest to researchers over the past two decades, the ex- tent to which the existing body of research reflects substantial and cumulative development is not entirely clear. The objective of this study is to conduct a rigorous and quantitative review of the empirical DSS implementation literature as a basis for providing guidelines for implementation management and conduct of future research. Metaanalysis of 144 findings from 33 studies indicates that user-situational variables (involvement, training and experience) are more important than psychological factors to DSS implementation success and that user-situational variables can improve the implementation success by as much as 30 percent. Furthermore, the meta-analytic findings regarding the methodological characteristics of studies provide useful insights for the design of future research studies of implementation. The findings also allow us to put into perspective the incremental contribution of additional substantive and empirical studies in this area. Additionally, several specific domains (e.g., construct validation research on user involvement and casual modeling) might profit most from future research efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Alavi, M. and D. E. Leidner (2001). "Knowledge management and knowledge management systems:Conceptual foundations and research issues." MIS Quarterly 25(1): 107-136.
	

Alavi, M. and D. E. Leidner (2001). "Research Commentary: Technology-Mediated Learning--A Call for Greater Depth and Breadth of Research." Information Systems Research 12(1): 1.
	The past decade has witnessed a dramatic increase in the development of technology-based teaching and learning. For example, in the university landscape a prominent change has been the increase in virtual course offerings, otherwise referred to as distance learning. Since 1998, the number of universities offering some form of distance learning has increased by 33%. The objective of this essay is to motivate future research and dialogue on technology-mediated learning (TML) by suggesting some potentially productive research venues in this area TML is defined as an environment in which the learner's interactions with learning materials, peers, and instructors are mediated through advanced information technologies. The term "Information technology" broadly refers to computing, communication, and data management technologies, and their convergence. The focus of the essay is on learning from instruction in the context of post secondary educational environments, although the issues are also relevant to corporate training.


Alavi, M. and D. E. Leidner (2001). "Review: Knowledge Management And Knowledge Management Systems: Conceptual Foundations And Research Issues." MIS Quarterly 25(1): 107.
	To be credible, knowledge management systems (KMS) research and development should preserve and build upon the significant literature that exists in different but related fields. This paper provides a review and interpretation of knowledge management literatures in different fields with an eye toward identifying the important areas for research. We present a detailed process view of organizational knowledge management with a focus on the potential role of information technology in this process. Drawing upon the literature review and analysis of knowledge management processes, we discuss several important research issues surrounding the knowledge management processes and the role of information technology (IT) in support of these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Alavi, M. and G. M. Marakas (2002). "A comparative study of technologies for distance learning." Information Systems Research: 404-415.
	

Alavi, M., G. M. Marakas, et al. (2002). "A Comparative Study of Distributed Learning Environments on Learning Outcomes." Information Systems Research 13(4): 404.
	Advances in information and communication technologies have fueled rapid growth in the popularity of technology-supported distributed learning (DL). Many educational institutions, both academic and corporate, have undertaken initiatives that leverage the myriad of available DL technologies. Despite their rapid growth in popularity, however, alternative technologies for DL are seldom systematically evaluated for learning efficacy. Considering the increasing range of information and communication technologies available for the development of DL environments, we believe it is paramount for studies to compare the relative learning outcomes of various technologies. In this research, we employed a quasi-experimental field study approach to investigate the relative learning effectiveness of two collaborative DL environments in the context of an executive development program. We also adopted a framework of hierarchical characteristics of group support system (GSS)technologies, outlined by DeSanctis and Gallupe (1987), as the basis for characterizing the two DL environments. One DL environment employed a simple e-mail and listserv capability while the other used a sophisticated GSS (herein referred to as Beta system).Interestingly, the learning outcome of the e-mail environment was higher than the learning outcome of the more sophisticated GSS environment.The post-hoc analysis of the electronic messages indicated that the students in groups using the e-mail system exchanged a higher percentage of messages related to the learning task.The Beta system users exchanged a higher level of technology sense-making messages. No significant difference was observed in the students' satisfaction with the learning process under the two DL environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Albert, T. C., Goes, P. B. and Gupta, A. (2004). "GIST: A Model For Design And Management of Content And Interactivity of Customer-Centric Web Sites." MIS Quarterly 28(2): 161,21.
	

Albino, V., A. C. Garavelli, et al. (2001). "A metric for measuring knowledge codificaiton in organisation learning." Technovation 21(7): 413.
	In the management literature, even if knowledge has been recognized as a critical resource for the competitive success of firms, only a few studies have proposed operative approaches to analyze the effect of the transformation of the type of knowledge on system performance. A definition of knowledge is provided to support an operative classification of the type of knowledge. A metric is proposed to measure different knowledge codification levels. This metric is useful for supporting the learning processes in the organization. A case example dealing with the knowledge codification of a specific phase of a real production system, leather cutting in sofa production, is discussed.


Alexander, C. (1979). The Timeless Way of Building. New York, Oxford University Press.
	

Alford, M. (1980). "Software Requirements in the 80's: From Alchemy to Science." Communications of the ACM.
	

Allen, C. D. (1995). "Succeeding as a Clandestine Change Agent." Communications of the ACM 38(5): 81.
	Changing the attitudes and work habits of a large organizations is daunting at best. The task is more challenging when the organization perceives itself as eminently successful, dominating the market in its category. This article is an attempt to by the author to share his experiences and some of realizations of the process design change. Most design decisions are now made in the light of the day by cross-functional, multidisciplinary design teams, and their work is subjected to formal peer review and customer evaluations. These design decisions are based on appropriately detailed customer data that reveals the customers pattern's of work and goals. Having a defined software engineering process isn't as important as utilizing a process that propels one's efforts in one direction. The author realized that most of the time the management operates by a lot more faith. But, a constant evaluation of the goals and the implemented actions and processes used helps in obtaining satisfactory results.


Alles, M. and A. Amin, Datar, S., and Sarkar, R. (2000). "Information and Incentive Effects of Inventory in JIT Production." Management Science 46(2): 1528,17.
	

Almeida, P., J. Song, et al. (2002). "Are firms superior to alliances and markets? An empirical test of cross-border knowledge building." Organization Science 13(2): 147.
	Are multinational corporations (MNCs) superior to strategic alliances and markets in facilitating the flow of knowledge across borders? If so, what are the sources of this superiority? Despite their central importance to the theory and practice of international management, these questions have not been directly tested. This paper seeks to address this gap in empirical research. The findings suggest that the superiority of MNCs stems from the firms' ability to use multiple mechanisms of knowledge transfer flexibly and simultaneously to move, integrate, and develop technical knowledge.


Alter, S. (1977). "A Taxonomy of Decision Support Systems." Sloan Management Review (pre-1986) 19(1): 39.
	

Alter, S. (1996). Basic Ideas for Understanding Information Systems. Information Systems: A Management Perspective.
	

Alter, S. (1999). "A General, Yet Useful Theory of Information Systems." Communications of the Association for Information Systems.
	

Alter, S. (2002). "Selecting Research Topics: Personal Experiences and Speculations for the Future." Communications of the AIS.
	

Alvarez, R. (2002). "Confessions of an Information worker: A Critical Analysis of Information Requirements Discourse." Information and Organization 12(2): 85-107.
	

Anderson, P. and E. Anderson (2002). "The new e-commerce intermediaries." MIT Sloan Management Review 43(4): 53.
	This article shows how intermediaries are helping smart companies realize the promise of the Web. It explains intermediaries' nine ways of adding value, suggesting that three will change, three will survive and three present growth opportunities. Middlemen can co-opt the Internet by offering services that would be too difficult for individual producers to provide. However, intermediaries must be open to new ways of doing business with suppliers and vice versa. The Web transforms but does not eliminate the advantages of the middleman's central lookout position. But what was once thought of as a straight distribution channel from supplier through middleman is now more accurately described as a service hub. Appropriate, fair incentives are specified. And described is service-hub management that will generate enough trust to permit producers to get closer to customers - indirectly.


Andriessen, D. (2004). Overview of 25 Valuation and Measurement Methods. Making Sense of Intellectual Capital.
	

Ang, S. and S. A. Slaughter (2000). The Missing Context of Information Technology Personnel: A Review and Future Direction for Research. Framing the Domains of IT Management: Projecting the Future Through the Past.
	

Ang, S. and S. A. Slaughter (2001). "Work outcomes and job design for contract versus permanent information systems professionals on software development teams." MIS Quarterly 25(3): 321.
	Organizations have significantly increased their use of contracting in information systems (IS), hiring contractors to work with permanent professionals. Based on theories of social exchange and social comparison, this study hypothesizes differences in work attitudes, behaviors, and performance across the two groups, and evaluates this hypotheses with a sequential mixed-methods design. The first study surveys contract and permanent professionals on software development teams in a large transportation company. The second study involves in-depth interviews with contract and permanent IS professionals in three organizations. Support was found for many hypotheses but some surprising results were found also. Contrary to predictions, contractors perceive a more favorable work environment than permanent professionals but exhibit lower in-role and extra-role behaviors than their permanent counterparts. Supervisors perceive their contract subordinates as lower-performing and less loyal, obedient, and trustworthy.


Ang, S. and D. W. Straub (1998). "Production and transaction economies and IS outsourcing: A study of the U.S. banking industry." MIS Quarterly 22(4): 535.
	This paper studies economic determinants of IS outsourcing. It argues that a focus on comparative economic theories and models can improve the ability to explain outsourcing within the larger context of organizational strategy and environment. Specifically, the research constructs of production cost, transaction cost, and financial slack are examined simultaneously to understand what influences the outsourcing decision. To empirically test these relationships, information was gathered from senior IT managers in 243 US banks. Financial indices from the archives of the Federal Reserve Bank were a second important source of data.


Applegate, L. M. and J. L. King (1999). "Rigor and relevance: Careers on the line." MIS Quarterly 23(1): 17.
	The experiences of a woman who returned to school to get a Ph.D. and her encounters and problems with attempts to get dissertation research published in a top tier MIS journal are recounted. Discussion questions follow.


Apte, C. and B. Liu (2002). "Business Applications of Data Mining." Communications of the ACM 45(8): 49 - 53.
	

Archer, M. (1998). Critical Realism: Essential Readings. New York and London, Routledge.
	

Argyris, C. (1971). "Management Information Systems: The Challenge to Rationality and Emotionality." Management Science 17(6): 275,18.
	

Armstrong, C. P. and V. Sambamurthy (1999). "Information Technology Assimilation in Firms: The Influence of Senior Leadership and IT Infrastructures." Information Systems Research 10(4): 304.
	IT assimilation is regarded as an important outcome in the efforts of firms to leverage the potential of information technologies in their business activities and strategies. Despite significant investments in information technology, considerable diversity exists in how well firms have been able to assimilate IT and leverage the business value of IT. This research draws upon the emerging knowledge-based and resource-based views of the firm to examine the influence of three factors on IT assimilation: (i) quality of senior leadership, (ii) sophistication of IT infrastructures, and (iii) organizational size. Drawing upon a large-scale sample survey where responses were obtained from CIOs and senior business executives who were members of the firms' top management teams, the study examines a variety of mostly normative prescriptions. The findings provide robust evidence about the impacts of CIOs' business and IT knowledge on IT assimilation. Further, we find that CIOs' membership in top management teams and their informal interactions with TMT members enhance their knowledge, particularly their business knowledge. We find that the intensity of the relationship between CIO's interactions with the top management team and their level of IT and business knowledge is much stronger in firms that articulate a transformational IT vision. The sophistication of IT infrastructures was also found to significantly impact IT assimilation. Surprisingly, the IT knowledge of senior business executives was not found to be a significant influence on IT assimilation. The implications of these findings for evolving a deeper understanding of the dynamics underlying IT assimilation are presented.(IT Assimilation; IT Infrastructure; Senior Leadership; Chief Information officer; Top Management Team; IT Vision) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Ashby, W. R. (1965). "Measuring the Internal Informational Exchange in a System." Cybernetica.
	

Ashford, S. J. (1996). The Publishing Process: The Struggle for Meaning. Rhythms of Academic Life: Personal Accounts of Careers in Academia.
	

Association, A. P. (2001). Publication manual of the american psychological association.
	

Astley, W. G. and R. F. Zammuto (1992). "Organization Science, Managers, and Language Games." Organization Science 3(4): 443-460.
	

Attaran, M. (2004). "Exploring the relationship between information technology and business process reengineering." Information & Management 41(5): 585.
	This study examines a series of relationships between information technology (IT) and business process reengineering (BPR). Specifically, it argues that those aspiring to do business process reengineering must begin to apply the capabilities of information technology. This paper provides a summary of IT roles in initiating and sustaining BPR and examines several companies that have successfully applied IT to reengineering. The paper also addressees barriers to successful implementation of reengineering and identifies critical factors for its success. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]


Attewell, P. (1992). "Technology diffusion and organizational learning: The case of business computing." Organization Science 3(1): 1-19.
	

Attewell, P. and J. Rule (1984). "Computing and Organizations: what we know and what we don’t know." Communications of the ACM 27(12): 1184 - 1192.
	

Au, N., E. W. T. Ngai, et al. (2002). "A critical review of end-user information system satisfaction research and a new research framework." Omega 30(6): 451.
	This paper represents a critical review of research in end-user information system satisfaction (EUISS). An extensive literature search is conducted from which over 50 EUISS related papers are identified. It is found that the past research is dominated by the expectation disconfirmation approach. To provide more insights into the psychological processing of the information system performance construct and its impact upon EUISS, an integrated conceptual mode is proposed based on the equity and needs theories. The implications of the proposed model for EUISS are discussed, and suggestions are made for testing the model.


Au, Y. A. and R. J. Kauffman (2001). "Should we wait? Network externalities, compatibility and adoption." Journal of Management Information Systems 18(2): 47.
	

Avgerou, C. and C. Ciborra (2004). The Social Study of Information and Communication Technology, Oxford University Press.
	

Avgerou, C., J. Siemer, et al. (1999). "The academic field of information systems in Europe." European Journal of Information Systems 8(2): 136.
	The institutional and cognitive profile of the information systems (IS) field in Europe is reviewed, using the results of a survey of IS academics in 18 European countries. The emerging picture suggests that the study of IS in European academia is dispersed in small units with various names, which are hosted in various disciplines across the science/social science spectrum. The survey confirms the widespread view that the IS field is concerned with the study of a wide range of themes, from developing technologies per se, to assessing the social impact of new information and communication technologies. Moreover, a variety of research perspectives and approaches is found to be pursued, drawing from both the positivist and interpretative epistemological traditions. It is argued that while the institutional dispersion is a weakness that requires remedying action, the cognitive diversity should not be considered as a characteristic of immaturity.


Axley, S. R. (1984). "Managerial and Organizational Communication in Terms of the Conduit Metaphor." Academy of Management Review 9(3): 428-438.
	

Ba, S. (2001). "Establishing online trust through a community responsibility system." Decision Support Systems 31(3): 323.
	Much of the research on trust building in electronic commerce takes a descriptive approach. The question of what social structures are more appropriate to promote trust in the online world has not been extensively studied. This paper analyzes, using a prescriptive approach, how a certain social structure - a community responsibility system, supported by present technology, can be set up. Game theoretic tools are used to prove that under the community responsibility system for trust building, online transactions that are impersonal can be supported and can preserve at the same time anonymity to a large extent.


Ba, S. and P. A. Pavlou (2002). "Evidence of the effect of trust building technology in electronic markets: price premiums and buyer behavior." MIS Quarterly 26(3): 243,26.
	

Ba, S., J. Stallaert, et al. (2001). "Research Commentary: Introducing a Third Dimension in Information Systems Design--The Case for Incentive Alignment." Information Systems Research 12(3): 225.
	Prior research has generated considerable knowledge on information systems design from software engineering and user-acceptance perspectives. As organizational processes are increasingly embedded within information systems, one of the key considerations of many business processes--organizational incentives--should become an important dimension of any information systems design and evaluation, which we categorize as the third dimension: incentive alignment.Incentive issues have become important in many IS areas,including distributed decision support systems (DSS), knowledge management, and e-business supply chain coordination. In this paper we outline why incentives are important in each of these areas and specify requirements for designing incentive-aligned information systems. We identify and define important unresolved problems along the incentive-alignment dimension of information systems and present a research agenda to address them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Bacharach (1989). "Organizational Theories: Some Criteria for Evaluation." Academy of Management Review 14(4): 196-216.
	

Bachman, C. W. (1969). "Data Structure Diagrams." Data Base.
	

Backhouse, J. and J. Liebenau (1991). "On the discipline of information systems." Journal of Information Systems 1(1): 19-27.
	

Bacon, C. J. and B. Fitzgerald (2001). "A Systematic Framework for the Field of Information Systems." Data Base for Advances in Information Systems.
	

Badasyan, N., and S. Chakrabarti (2003). "Private Peering Among Internet Backbone Providers." Microeconomics working.
	

Bagozzi, R. P. and Y. Yi (1991). "Assessing construct validity in organizational research." Administrative Science Quarterly 36(3): 421-459.
	

Bailey, J. E. and S. W. Pearson (1983). "Development of a Tool for Measuring and Analyzing Computer user satisfaction." Management Science 29(5): 530,16.
	

Bajaj, A. and S. Ram (2003). "IAIS: A methodology to enable inter-agency information sharing in eGovernment." Journal of Database Management 14(4): 59.
	Recently, there has been increased interest in information sharing among government agencies, with a view toward improving security, reducing costs and offering better quality service to users of government services. In this work, the authors complement earlier work by proposing a comprehensive methodology called IAIS (Inter Agency Information Sharing) that uses XML to facilitate the definition of information that needs to be shared, the storage of such information, the access to this information and finally the maintenance of shared information. The authors compare IAIS with two alternate methodologies to share information among agencies, and analyze the pros and cons of each. They also show how IAIS leverages the recently proposed XML (extensible markup language) standard to allow for inclusion of various groups' viewpoints when determining what information should be shared and how it should be structured. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]


Bajari, P. and A. Hortacsu (2003). "The winner's curse, reserve prices, and endogenous entry: Empirical insights from eBay auctions." The Rand Journal of Economics 34(2): 329.
	Internet auctions have recently gained widespread popularity and are one of the most successful forms of electronic commerce. We examine a unique dataset of eBay coin auctions to explore the determinants of bidder and seller behavior. We first document a number of empirical regularities. We then specify and estimate a structural econometric model of bidding on eBay. Using our parameter estimates from this model, we measure the extent of the winner's curse and simulate seller revenue under different reserve prices. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]


Bakos, J. Y. (1997). "Reducing buyer search costs: Implications for electronic marketplaces." Management Science 43(12): 1676,17.
	

Bakos, J. Y. and M. D. Treacy (1986). "Information Technology and Corporate Strategy: A research perspective." MIS Quarterly 10(2): 106,14.
	

Bakos, Y. (1998). "The Emerging Role of Electronic Marketplaces on the Internet." Communications of the ACM 41(8): 35.
	The emerging role of electronic marketplaces on the Internet is the main focus of this article. According to the author, in the process of playing the central role in the economy, the markets create economic value for buyers, sellers, market intermediates, and for society at large. The role of information technology has dramatically increased in the recent years, both in traditional markets, and in the emergence of electronic marketplaces, such as the multitude of Internet-based online auctions. Markets have three main functions: matching buyers and sellers; facilitating the exchange of information, goods, services and payments associated with market transactions; and providing an institutional infrastructure, such as a legal and regulatory framework, that enables the efficient functioning of the market. The article elaborates on these three functions and related aspects of Internet market such as, Internet marketplaces and competition and the role of electronic intermediaries. The article concludes that Internet-based electronic marketplaces are still at a formative stage, and it is hard to fully predict their impact on the structure of markets.


Bakos, Y. (2001). "The Emerging Landscape for Retail E-Commerce." Journal of Economic Perspectives 15(1): 69.
	This article explores how electronic commerce is changing the world of retail sales. Online retail sales of goods and services are projected to grow from $45 billion in 2000, or 1.5 percent of total retail sales, to $269 billion in 2005, or 7.8 percent of total retail sales projected for that year. In addition to this substantial growth in online sales, consumers increasingly rely on information collected online to research a lot of purchases that are concluded over traditional channels, especially for high value durable goods, such as electronics and automobiles. Such purchases influenced by the Internet are estimated to growth from $13 billion in 2000 to $378 billion in 2005, or 10.8 percent of projected retail sales. This would bring the total retail sales affected by e-commerce in 2005 to $647 billion, or 18.5 percent of total retail sales. Retail e-commerce is evolving to encompass a wide variety of goods and services. Leisure travel will be the leading category in 2000 with 27.2 percent of online sales, followed by books, music, videos and software (14.9 percent), computers and electronics (13.6 percent) and apparel (11.3 percent). BY 2005, consumables are projected to amount to 18 percent of online retail sales.


Bakos, Y. a. K., Chris (1992). "Recent applications of economic theory in Information Technology research." Decision Support Systems 8(5): 365-386.
	

Balasubramanian, S. and P. Konana (2003). "Customer Satisfaction in Virtual Environments: A Study of Online Investing." Management Science 49(7): 871,19.
	

Ball, N. L. (2001). "Design Science II: The Impact of Design Science on e-Commerce Research and Practice." Communications of the Association for Information Systems.
	

Ballou, D. P. and G. K. Tayi (1999). "Enhancing Data Quality In Data Warehouse Environments." Communications of the ACM 42(1): 73.
	The article reports on enhancement of data quality in data warehouse environment. Here a conceptual framework is offered for enhancing data quality in data warehouse environments. Factors are explored such as current level of data quality, the levels of quality needed by the relevant decision process, the potential benefits of projects designed to enhance data. Those who are responsible for data quality have to understand the importance of such factors. For warehouses supporting a limited number of decision processes, awareness of these issues coupled with good judgment should suffice. Data warehousing efforts may not succeed for various reasons, but nothing is more certain to yield failure than lack of concern for the quality of the data. Data supporting organizational activities in a meaningful way should be warehoused. A distinguishing characteristic of warehoused data is that it is used for decision making, rather than for operations. Data warehousing efforts have to address several potential problems.


Bandyopadhyay, R. (1977). "Information for Organizational Decision Making: A Literature Review." IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics 7(1).
	

Banerjee, Chou, et al. (1987). "Data Model Issues for Object-Oriented Applications." ACM TOOLS 5(1): 3-26.
	

Banker, R. D., and Davis, G. B (1998). "Software Development Practices, Software Complexity, And Software Maintenance Performance." Management Science 44(4): 433,18.
	

Banker, R. D. and S. M. Datar (1993). "Software complexity and maintenance costs." Communications of the ACM 36(11): 81 - 94.
	

Banker, R. D. and R. J. Kauffman (2004). "The Evolution of Research on Information Systems: A Fiftieth-Year Survey of the Literature in Management Science." Management Science 50(3): 281,18.
	

Banker, R. D. and C. F. Kemerer (1989). "Scale Economies in New Software Development." IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 15(10): 1199.
	Two opposing views regarding the presence of economies or diseconomies of scale in new software development are reconciled in an approach that hypothesizes a production function model of software development. This model allows for both increasing and decreasing returns to scale and argues that local scale economies or diseconomies depend on a project's size. It is shown how to identify the most productive scale size (MPSS) through the use of the data envelopment analysis technique. The results have a number of useful implications. For example, managers could actively seek to identify the MPSS for their organization. This information could be used as input in the make or purchase decision. The results indicate that the MPSS varies widely across different application environments.


Banker, R. D. and S. A. Slaughter (1998). "A field study of scale economies in software maintenance." Management Science 43(12): 1709,17.
	

Banker, R. D. and S. A. Slaughter (2000). "The Moderating Effects of Structure on Volatility and Complexity in Software Enhancement." Information Systems Research 11(3): 219.
	The cost of enhancing software applications to accommodate new and evolving user requirements is significant. Many enhancement cost-reduction initiatives have focused on increasing software structure in applications. However, while software structure can decrease enhancement effort by localizing data processing, increased effort is also required to comprehend structure. Thus, it is not clear whether high levels of software structure are economically efficient in all situations. In this study, we develop a model of the relationship between software structure and software enhancement costs and errors. We introduce the notion of software structure as a moderator of the relationship between software volatility, total data complexity, and software enhancement outcomes. We posit that it is efficient to more highly structure the more volatile applications, because increased familiarity with the application structure through frequent enhancement enables localization of maintenance effort. For more complex applications, software structure is more beneficial than for less complex applications because it facilitates the comprehension process where it is most needed. Given the downstream enhancement benefits of structure for more volatile and complex applications, we expect that the optimal level of structure is higher for these applications. We empirically evaluate our model using data collected on the business applications of a major mass merchandiser and a large commercial bank. We find that structure moderates the relationship between complexity, volatility, and enhancement outcomes, such that higher levels of structure are more advantageous for the more complex and more volatile applications in terms of reduced enhancement costs and errors. We also find that more structure is designed in for volatile applications and for applications with higher levels of complexity. Finally, we identify application type as a significant factor in predicting which applications are more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Bannon, L. (1991). From Human Factors to Human Actors: The Role of Psychology and Human-Computer Interaction Studies in System Design. Design at Work: Cooperative Design of Computer Systems.
	

Bannon, L. J. (1995). "The Politics of Design: Representing Work." Communications of the ACM 38(9): 66.
	The article provides an opening into an important and increasingly contentious area in computer systems development, namely, methods used in understanding representing and modeling work processes and practices. It describes part of the problem as the relation between normative accounts of how work gets done and actual practice. The article points to dangers of transporting representations between different semantic communities with different practices. The goal of the article is to develop a case against an objective reality that can be usefully captured in a model against an objective reality that can be usefully captured in a model and subsequently used as a sufficient basis on which to develop a computerized system. Critiques relied on the centrality of interpretation in the conduct of work, and also on the fact development of computer-based applications requires the collaboration or involvement of a variety of distinct communities, workers with different skills using different representational frameworks, users, analysts, developers, programmers, among others.


Bansler, J. P. and J. Damsgard (2000). "Corporate Intranet Implementation: Managing Emergent Technologies and Organizational Practices." Journal of the Association for Information Systems 1.
	

Banville, C. and M. Landry (1989). "Can the Field of IS be Disciplined?" Communications of the ACM 32(1): 48 - 60.
	

Bapna, R. (2003). "Analysis and Design of Business-to-Consumer Online Auctions." Management Science 49(1): 85,17.
	

Barki, B., Rivard, S., Talbot, J (2001). "An Integrative Contingency Model of Software Project Risk Management." Journal of Management Information Systems 17(4): 37,33.
	

Barki, H. and J. Hartwick (1994). "Measuring user participation, user involvement, and user attitude." MIS Quarterly 18(1): 59.
	Defining user participation as the activities performed by users during systems development, user involvement as the importance and personal relevance of a system to its user, and user attitude as the affective evaluation of a system by the user, this study aims to: (1) develop separate measures of user participation, user involvement, and user attitude, (2) identify key dimensions of each construct, and (3) investigate the relation- ships among them. Responses from users in organizations developing new information systems were used to create an overall scale measuring user participation (along with three subscales reflecting the dimensions of responsibility, user-IS relationship, and hands-on activities), an overall scale measuring user involvement (along with two subscales reflecting the dimensions of importance and personal relevance), and a scale measuring user attitude. Analysis of the data provides evidence for the reliability and validity of the three constructs and their dimensions. User participation has long been considered a key variable in the successful development of information systems. However, past research has failed to clearly demonstrate its benefits. The measures developed in this study pro vide a useful starting point for deciphering the precise nature of the relationship among user participation, involvement, and attitude during systems implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Barki, H. and J. Hartwick (2001). "Interpersonal Conflict and Its Management in Information System Development." MIS Quarterly 25(2): 195,34.
	

Barki, H. and S. Rivard (1988). "An Information Systems Keyword Classification Scheme." MIS Quarterly 12(2): 298,25.
	

Barki, H. and S. Rivard (1993). "A Keyword Classification Scheme for IS Research Literature: An Update." MIS Quarterly 17(2): 209-226.
	

Barley, S. (1986). "Technology as an Occasion for Structuring:  Evidence from Observation of CT Scanners and the Social Order of Radiology Departments." Administrative Science Quarterly 31(1): 78-109.
	

Barley, S. R. (1988). "Technology. Power, and the Social Organization of Work: Towards a Pragmatic Theory of Skilling and Deskilling." Research in the Sociology of Organizations 6: 33-80.
	

Barley, S. R. (1990). "The Alignment of Technology and Structure Through Roles and Networks." Administrative Science Quarterly 35(1): 61-104.
	

Barley, S. R. (1990). "Images of Imaging: Notes on Doing Longitudinal Field Work." Organization Science 1(1): 220-245.
	

Barney, J. B. (1991). "Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage." Journal of Management 17(1): 99,22.
	

Baronas, A.-M. K. and M. R. Louis (1988). "Restoring a Sense of Control During Implementation: How User Involvement Leads to System Acceptance." MIS Quarterly 12(1): 110.
	User involvement has long been considered a critical component of effective system implementation. However, the perspective has suffered from mixed results of empirical tests and the lack of a theoretical explanation for the relationship (Ives and Olson, 1984; Baroudl, et al., 1986). Our purpose is to present a theoretically-grounded perspective to account for effects of involving users during implementation, and to provide an initial test of this perspective. We propose that: (1) system implementation represents a threat to users' perceptions of control over their work and a period of transition during which users must cope with differences between old and new work systems; (2) user involvement is effective because it restores or enhances perceived control. Results of a field experiment designed as a preliminary test of this perspective are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Baroudi, J. J. (1991). "Studying Information Technology in Organizations: Research Approaches and Assumptions." Information Systems Research 2(1): 1.
	Examines information systems (IS) research articles from 1983 to 1998. Assessment of theoretical perspective of the researches; Why these IS researches do not exhibit a single set of philosophical assumptions; Nature IS phenomena being considered by the articles; How researches used critical and interpretive approaches; Benefits of plurality of research perspectives on information systems phenomena.


Baroudi, J. J. and W. J. Orlikowski (1989). "The Problem of Statistical Power In MIS Research." MIS Quarterly 13(1): 87.
	Statistical power is important to any researcher using statistical inference testing because studies with low levels of statistical power usually result in inconclusive findings. In a survey of 5 years of management information systems (MIS) research, it was found that the average levels of statistical power were relatively low. The consequence of this low power is that researchers typically have a 40% chance of failing to detect the phenomenon under study, even though it may exist. Several techniques have been developed that researchers can employ to improve the power of their studies. Some are as simple as using a different, but more powerful, statistical test, while others require developing more elaborate sampling plans or a more careful construction of the research design.


Barrett, M. and G. Walsham (1999). "Electronic Trading and Work Transformation in the London Insurance Market." Information Systems Research 10(1): 1.
	The integration of information and communications technologies (IT) is playing a key role in transforming the nature of work. The link between IT and transformation is poorly understood, and further theoretical developments are needed to advance our current knowledge of this relationship. In this paper, we develop a conceptual scheme by drawing on and extending Giddens' social theory of transformation that relates changes in modern institutions to shifts in self-identity. We illustrate the value of these ideas in making sense of the introduction of an electronic trading system, LIMNET EPS, across the London Insurance Market. Furthermore, our case analyses suggest some practical implications on electronic trading and work transformation.(Electronic Trading; Giddens' Social Theory; Modernity and Self-Identity; Work Transformation; London Insurance Market; Globalization) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Bartee, E. M. (1973). "A Holistic View of Problem Solving." Management Science 20(4): 439,10.
	

Bartelt, A. and W. Lamersdorf (2001). A Multi-Criteria Taxonomy of Business Models in Electronic Commerce. Proceedings of the IFIP/ACM International Conference on Distributed Systems Platforms (Middleware 2001), WS on Electronic Commerce, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
	Looking at the ongoing evolution in electronic commerce there are more and more business models becoming significant. E-shops, e-auctions or e-tendering are not the only possibilities for a company to be active in electronic commerce. This article presents many relevant business models and systematically classifies them. Mainly the classfication is based on the type of business subjects like suppliers, customers and mediators and their active or passive role as initiators and carrier of a business model. Another basis for the classification is the breakdown of the concept of electronic commerce and an explicit modelling. This allows to built up a taxonomy using multiple criteria and the presentation and subsumption of individual business models. The taxonomy can be used to analyse and enhance existing systems and business models as well as to develop new internet strategies for companies. An example of the implementaton of the business model e-portal concludes the article.


Barua, A. and P. Konana (2004). "An emperical investigation of net-enabled business value." MIS Quarterly 28(4): 585,36.
	

Barua, A., C. H. Kriebel, et al. (1995). "Information Technologies and Business Value: An Analytic and Empirical Investigation." Information Systems Research 6(1): 3.
	An important management question today is whether the anticipated economic benefits of information Technology (IT) are being realized. In this paper, we consider this problem to be measurement related, and propose and test a new process-oriented methodology for ex post measurement to audit IT impacts on a strategic business unit (SBU) or profit center's performance. The IT impacts on a given SBU are measured relative to a group of SBUs in the industry. The methodology involves a two-stage analysis of intermediate and higher level output variables that also accounts for industry and economy wide exogenous variables for tracing and measuring IT contributions. The data for testing the proposed model were obtained from SBUs in the manufacturing sector. Our results show significant positive impacts of IT at the intermediate level. The theoretical contribution of the study is a methodology that attempts to circumvent some of the measurement problems in this domain. It also provides a practical management tool to address the question of why (or why not) certain IT impacts occur. Additionally, through its process orientation, the suggested approach highlights key variables that may require managerial attention and subsequent action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Barua, A. and B. Lee (1997). "An Economic Analysis of the Introduction of an Electronic Data Interchange System." Information Systems Research 8(4): 398.
	Although electronic data interchange (EDI) holds the promise of significantly increasing the efficiency of business transactions, an installed base of proprietary implementations has been detrimental to the widespread acceptance of the technology. Thus, an important research issue involves strategies for facilitating EDT adoption. We analyze the introduction of an EDI system in a vertical market involving one manufacturer and two suppliers. The manufacturer initiates an EDT network, and penalizes a supplier for not joining the system by reducing its volume of business with the supplier. Along with a "stick," the manufacturer can also use a "carrot" in the form of a subsidy to partially offset a supplier's setup cost. The competition between the suppliers is characterized by incentive types for joining the EDT system ("motivating" or "threatening") and the Information Technology (IT) efficiency ("efficient" or "inefficient"). We show that regardless of its cost structure, a supplier may have to join the EDT network out of "strategic necessity," due to the presence of an IT-efficient supplier. Our analysis further shows that depending on the supplier competition structure, the EDT system may prove to be a "beneficial" strategic necessity for a large supplier and an "unfortunate" strategic necessity for a small supplier. Another key result is that by increasing the severity of the penalty. both the manufacturer and the follower supplier can be worse off under certain conditions. The analysis of subsidy strategies reveals that unless leadership and followership positions are reversed due to a subsidy, subsidizing a supplier has no impact on the joining time of its competitor. Thus the EDI initiator cannot induce both suppliers to join earlier by subsidizing one supplier. Also, the larger the slack capacity of the leader, the higher (lower) the manufacturer's incentive to subsidize the leader (follower). These results offer insights for initiators and adopters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Basili, V. R. and B. Perricon (1984). "Software Errors and Complexity: An Empirical Investigation." Communications of the ACM 27(1): 42 - 52.
	

Baskerville, R. and A. S. Lee (1999). Distinctions Among Different Types of Generalizing in Information Systems Research. New Information Technologies in Organizational Processes: Field Studies and Theoretical Reflections on the Future of Work.
	

Baskerville, R. and M. D. Myers (2004). "Action Research in Information Systems: Making IS Research Relevant to Practice." MIS Quarterly 28(2): 329,7.
	

Baskerville, R. L. (1999). "Investigating information systems with action research." Communications of AIS.
	

Baskerville, R. L. (2002). "Information Systems as a Reference Discipline." MIS Quarterly 27(1): 1,18.
	

Baskerville, R. L. and A. T. Wood-Harper (1996). "A critical perspective on action research as a method for information systems research." Journal of Information Technology 11(3): 235.
	This paper reviews the origins, techniques and roles associated with action research into information systems (IS). Many consider the approach to be the paragon of post-positivist research methods, yet it has a cloudy history among the social sciences. The paper summarizes the rigorous approach to action research and suggests certain domains of ideal use (such as systems development methodology). For those faced with conducting, reviewing or examining action research, the paper discusses various problems, opportunities and strategies.


Baskerville, R. L. and T. Wood-Harper (1998). "Diversity in information systems action research methods." European Journal of Information Systems 7(2): 90.
	Discussions of action research in information systems (IS) often proceed as if there were one definitive action research method. This paper describes and analyzes the different frameworks, assumptions and goals that characterize the diverse forms of action research. A more inclusive action research paradigm is delineated that offers a basis for validating a wider range of IS research. Acceptance of the full range of the diverse forms of action research may enable the IS field to be more explicit about its research methodology, thereby enabling criteria to be improved and applied to a broader range of IS research.


Basu, A. and R. W. Blanning (1994). "Metagraphs: A Tool for Modeling Decision Support Systems." Management Science 40(12): 1579.
	Discusses the use of a graph-theoretic structure called metagraph as a tool for modeling decision support systems (DSS). Properties; Approaches; Adjacency matrices; Brides, cutsets and cuts; Combined metagraphs; Model manipulation; Dot operator for the multiplication of adjacency matrices.


Basu, A. and R. W. Blanning (2000). "A Formal Approach to Workflow Analysis." Information Systems Research 11(1): 17.
	Agile manufacturing, fast-response micromarketing, and the rise of the virtual organization have led managers to focus on cross-functional business processes that link various divisions and organizations. These processes may be realized as one or more workflows, each of which is an instantiation of a process under certain conditions. Because an ability to adapt processes to workflow conditions is essential for organizational responsiveness, identifying and analyzing significant workflows is an important activity for managers, organization designers, and information systems specialists. A variety of software systems have been developed to aid in the structuring and implementation of workflow systems, but they are mostly visualization tools with few analytical capabilities. For example, they do not allow their users to easily determine which information elements are needed to compute other information elements, whether certain tasks depend on other tasks, and how resource availability affects information and tasks. Analyses of this type can be performed by inspection, but this gives rise to the possibility of error, especially in large systems. In this paper, we show how a mathematical construct called a metagraph can be used to represent workflows, so that such questions can be addressed through formal operations, leading to more effective design of organizational processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Basu, A. and R. W. Blanning (2003). "Synthesis and Decomposition of Processes in Organizations." Information Systems Research 14(4): 337.
	Organizations today face increasing pressures to integrate their processes across disparate divisions and functional units, in order to remove inefficiencies as well as to enhance manageability. Process integration involves two major types of changes to process structure: (1) synthesizing processes from separate but interdependent subprocesses, and (2) decomposing aggregate processes into distinct subprocesses that are more manageable. We present an approach to facilitate this type of synthesis and decomposition through formal analysis of process structure using a mathematical structure called a metagraph. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Basu, A. and A. Kumar (2002). "Research Commentary: Workflow Management Issues in e-Business." Information Systems Research 13(1): 1.
	Trends towards increased business process automation, e-commerce, and e-business have led to increasing interest in the field of workflow management. In this paper, we provide a perspective on the state of research in workflow management systems, and discuss possible future research directions in this area, with a particular emphasis on workflow systems in integrating interorganizational processes and enabling e-commerce solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Bates, M. (1999). "The Invisible Substrate of Information Science." Journal of the American Society for Information Science 50(12): 1043,8.
	

Batini, C., M. Lenzerini, et al. (1986). "A Comparative Analysis of Methodologies for Database Schema Integration." ACM Computing Surveys 18(4): 323.
	Provides a framework for a comparative analysis of methodologies for database schema integration. Discussion of one of the fundamental principles of the database approach; Basis for identifying strengths and weaknesses of individual methodologies.


Batra, D., J. A. Hoffer, et al. (1990). "Comparing Representations with Relational and EER Models." Communications of the ACM 33(2): 126.
	Discusses issues raised on the diffusion of technology to end users who can now develop their own information systems, concerning cost, quality, efficiency and accuracy of such systems. Concerns on users' lack of expertise; Hidden costs incorporated in the information systems; Major tools used by users to develop their systems; Proliferation of the extended entity-relationship data model.


Baye, M. R. and J. Morgan (2002). "Information gatekeepers and price discrimination on the internet." Economics Letters 76(1): 47.
	When identical firms pay a fee to list prices at a price comparison site and can price discriminate between consumers who do and don't use the site, prices listed at the site are dispersed but lower than at firms' own websites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Bayer, J. and N. Melone (1989). "A critique of diffusion theory as a managerial framework for understanding adoption of software engineering innovations." Journal of systems and software 9(2): 161-166.
	

Beath, C. M. and W. J. Orlikowski (1994). "The Contradictory Structure of Systems Development Methodologies: Deconstructing the IS-User Relationship in Information Engineering." Information Systems Research 5(4): 350.
	Focuses on a study which investigated the role of users and information systems (IS) personnel during systems development. Review of related literature on the relationship between users and IS personnel; Details on the method of deconstruction through the analysis of Information Engineering systems development; Description of the study design; Analysis and discussion of the study.


Becerra-Fernandez, I. S., R. (2001). "Organization Knowledge Management: A Contingency Perspective." Journal of Management Information Systems 18(1): 23,33.
	

Bechky, B. A. (2003). "Sharing meaning across occupational communities: The transformation of understanding on a production floor." Organization Science 14(3): 312.
	This paper suggests that knowledge is shared in organizations through the transformation of occupational communities' situated understandings of their work. In this paper, I link the misunderstandings between engineers, technicians, and assemblers on a production floor to their work contexts, and demonstrate how members of these communities overcome such problems by cocreating common ground that transforms their understanding of the product and the production process. In particular, I find that the communities' knowledge-sharing difficulties are rooted in differences in their language, the locus of their practice, and their conceptualization of the product. When communication problems arise, if members of these communities provide solutions which invoke the differences in work contexts and create common ground between the communities, they can transform the understandings of others and generate a richer understanding of the product and the problems they face. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]


Becker, M. C. (2001). "Managing Dispersed Knowledge: Organizational Problems, Managerial Strategies, And Their Effectiveness." Journal of Management Studies 38(7): 1037,15.
	

Bedeian, A. G. (1996). Lessons Learned Along the Way, Twelve Suggestions for Optimizing Career Success. Rhythms of Academic Life: Personal Accounts of Careers in Academia.
	

Bederson, B. (2001). "Ordered and Quantum Treemaps: Making Effective Use of 2D Space to Display Hierarchies." ACM Transactions on Graphics 21(4): 833 - 854.
	

Bell, A. E. and R. W. Schmidt (1999). "Umloquent Expression Of Awace Software Design." Communications of the ACM 42(10): 55.
	The article presents information on the use of the Unified Modeling language (UML) in the software development of Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS). The main object of Boeing Co.'s NATO Midterm Modernisation Programme (NMT) is to produce a next-generation AWACS that is computationally distributed, functionally scalable, and more technologically advanced than its predecessors. What makes this objective particularly challenging is that the group of 50-plus software engineers on the NMT project are very new to a number of the technologies being used to develop this system. Another technology new to the NMT software engineering staff is the UML, which is being used to express the software design. There are a number of different stakeholders in the NMT program who have a vested interest in the software under development but from different perspectives. Architects, requirements experts, developers, and management teams are interested in the same system's design but from different views and levels of granularity. The UML is an excellent vehicle for communicating the system design among these various stakeholders. The UML has been very capable of supporting the evolution and expression of the NMT program's software design. INSET: NMT Implementation View.


Bell, S. J., G. J. Whitwell, et al. (2002). "Schools of Thought in Organizational Learning." Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 30(1): 70.
	Presents the argument that organizational learning is embedded in four schools of thought鈥攁n economic school, a managerial school, a developmental school and a process school鈥攁nd presents a comprehensive analysis of these schools. Differences between the four schools of thought. Effective employment of the four schools of thought. Benefits of theoretical plurality. Applications to the key marketing topics of market orientation and product development. Implications for future research in marketing.


Bem, D. J. (1987). Writing the empirical journal article. The compleat academic: A practical guide for the beginning social scientist. M. P. Z. J. M. Darley. New York, Random House: 171-201.
	

Benbasat (1987). "The Case Study Research Strategy in Studies of Information Systems." MIS Quarterly 11(3): 369-386.
	

Benbasat, I. (1989). Laboratory Experiments in Information Systems Studies with a Focus on Individuals: A Critical Appraisal. Harvard Business School Research Colloquium.
	

Benbasat, I. (1999). "Emperical research in Information Systems: The practice of Relevance." MIS Quarterly 23(1): 3,14.
	

Benbasat, I. and D. H. D. a. R. C. G. Albert S. Dexter (1984). "A Critique of the Stage Hypothesis: Theory and Empirical Evidence." Communications of the ACM 27(5): 476 - 485.
	

Benbasat, I., and Taylor, R. N. (1983). "Behavioral Aspects of Information Processing for the Design of Management Information Systems." IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics 12(4): 439-450.
	

Benbasat, I. and L. H. Lim (1993). "The Effects of Task, Context and Technology Variables on the Usefulness of Group Support Systems: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies." Small Group Research 24(4): 430-462.
	

Benbasat, I. and R. N. Taylor (1978). "The Impact of Cognitive Styles on Information Systems Design." MIS Quarterly 2(2): 43-54.
	

Benbasat, I. and R. Weber (1996). "Research Commentary: Rethinking "Diversity" in Information Systems Research." Information Systems Research 7(4): 389.
	Focuses on a study that considered some of the benefits and costs of allowing diversity to reign in the information systems (IS) discipline. Historical perspective behind diversity; Status of IS research as of December 1996; Potential consequences of diversity; Factors to be considered in structuring discourse on diversity.


Benbasat, I. and R. W. Zmud (2003). "The identity crisis within the IS discipline: Defining and communicating the discipline's core properties1." MIS Quarterly 27(2): 183.
	We are concerned that the IS research community is making the discipline's central identity ambiguous by, all too frequently, under-investigating phenomena intimately associated with IT-based systems and over-investigating phenomena distantly associated with IT-based systems. In this commentary, we begin by discussing why establishing an identity for the IS field is important. We then describe what such an identity may look like by proposing a core set of properties i.e. concepts and phenomena, that define the IS field. Next, research by IS scholars is discussed that either fails to address this core set of properties (labeled as error of exclusion) or that addresses concepts/phenomena falling outside this core set (labeled as error of inclusion). We conclude by offering suggestions for redirecting IS scholarship toward the concepts and phenomena that we argue define the core of the IS discipline. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]


Beniger, J. (1986). The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
	

Benjamin, R. and I. Eriksson (2001). Unintended Consequences of Information and Communication Technology: Dilemmas for Managers. Information Technology and the Future Enterprise.
	

Bensaou, M. (1997). "Interorganizational Cooperation: The Role of Information Technology an Empirical Comparison of U.S. and Japanese Supplier Relations." Information Systems Research 8(2): 107.
	This paper explores the comparative and cumulative influence of a number of factors on the perceived level of cooperation in a dyadic relationship. Drawing upon the transaction costs economics, organization theory and information systems literatures, we hypothese three sets of key influences: (1) factors exogenous to the relationship, i.e., the characteristics of the environment within which the relationship operates, and factors endogeneous to the relationship including (2) economic and behavioral characteristics of the relationship, and (3) interorganizational information technology applications. These factors have been independently examined in separate research streams. A key contribution of this study is therefore to conceptually and empirically capture their collective influence on cooperation. We empirically test the five hypotheses we develop within the context of buyer-supplier relationships in the U.S. and Japanese automobile industries. Multiple regressions conducted on a data set of 447 distinct relationships indicate that the relational characteristics (i.e., the behavioral climate of the relationship) are the most robust predictor of cooperation in both countries when compared with other structural (e.g., asset specificity) or technological factors (use of EDI--electronic data interchange). Environmental uncertainty (i.e., technological unpredictability) is positively associated with cooperation in Japanese supplier relations, which suggests that cooperation can act as an uncertainty absorption mechanism. Governance structure is a strong and significant predictor of cooperation in both samples, but with the opposite sign. Similarly, information technology (IT) does not play the same predictive role in the two country samples. Significant only in Japan it reflects an 'electronic partnership' approach to the use of IT in supplier relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Berg, M. (1997). "of forms, containers, and the electronic medical record: Some tools for a sociology of the formal." Science, Technology & Human Values 22(4): 403.
	Taking the (electronic) medical record as an example, Berg builds on recent calls to overcome the dichotomy between the formal and the informal and proposes an understanding of the generative power of such tools that does not attribute mythical capacities to either tool or human work.


Berndt, D. (2003). "The CATCH Data Warehouse: Support for Community Health Care Decision Making." Decision Support Systems 35(3): 367-384.
	

Berthon, P., L. Pitt, et al. (2002). "Potential Research Space in MIS: A Framework for Envisioning and Evaluating Research Replication, Extension, and Generation." Information Systems Research 13(4): 416.
	Replications are an important component of scientific method in that they convert tentative belief to accepted knowledge. Given the espoused importance of replications to the extraction of knowledge from research, there is surprisingly little evidence of its practice or discussion of its importance in the management information systems literature. In this article we develop a framework within which to systematize the conceptualization of replications; we review and illustrate how some key information systems research fits into the framework and examine the factors that influence the selection of a research strategy. Our framework includes a conceptualization of the relationship among replication, extension, and generation in IS research. The concept of 'research space ' is defined and a framework is developed that delineates eight possible research strategies. Finally, the benefits of our framework to salient stakeholders in the research process are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Beyer, H. and K. Holtzbalt (1996). Contextual Design: A Customer-Centered Approach to Systems Designs. San Francisco: CA, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.
	

Beyer, H. and K. Holtzblatt (1999). "Contextual design." Interactions 6(1): n/a.
	

Beyer, H. R. and K. Holtzblatt (1995). "Apprenticing With the Customer." Communications of the ACM 38(5): 45.
	In this article we describe the relationship we create through Contextual Inquiry. We show how to tailor the relationship so it fits needs of design and describe how the interaction between a designer and a customer works in practice. Finally, we suggest ways a closer relationship between designer and customer supports a larger collaborative relationship between the design team and the community it supports. Here we focus on creating the right relationship between designer and customer. A specialist in field research would also provide knowledge of work and social structure. We discuss how to make this perspective available to design teams elsewhere. The fundamental problem in the relationship between customers arid designers is that of enabling learning: How do designers learn enough about customers' work to design well? What kind of relationship allows customers to impart deep knowledge about their work? Looking outside the computer field, the relationship between master and apprentice stands out as a useful model. Just as an apprentice learns a skill from a master, designers want to learn about their customers' work from the customer.


Beynon-Davies, P., C. Carne, et al. (1999). "Rapid application development (RAD): An empirical review." European Journal of Information Systems 8(3): 211.
	Rapid application development (RAD) is an approach to information systems development which is much discussed in the practitioner literature. However, there is comparatively little research data on this topic. A report is presented on the results of a multi-disciplinary research project which has been studying this development approach for the last three years. Seven case studies of RAD projects are discussed, and each is compared to issues relating to a number of RAD principles as represented in methodologies such as the recent open standard known as dynamic systems development method. A discussion is presented of a number of important questions relating to further research on RAD.


Bhagat, R. S., B. L. Kedia, et al. (2002). "Cultural Variations In The Cross-Border Transfer of Organizational Knowledge: An Integrative Framework." Academy of Management Review 27(2): 204-222.
	

Bharadwaj, A. S. (1999). "Information Technology Effects on Firm Performance as Measured by Tobin’s q." Management Science 45(7): 1008,17.
	

Bharadwaj, A. S. (2000). "A Resource Based Perspective on Information Technology Capability and Firm Performance: An Empirical Investigation." MIS Quarterly 24(1): 169,29.
	

Bhattacharjee, S. (2000). "Enterprise Computing Environments and Cost Assessment: An Object-Oriented Framewor." Communications of the ACM 43(10): 74 - 82.
	

Bhattacharjee, S., R. Ramesh, et al. (2001). "A Design Framework for e-Business Infrastructure Integration and Resource Management." IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man & Cybernetics: Part C - Applications & Reviews 31(3): 304.
	Investigates the design framework for electronic business infrastructure integration and resource management. Challenges faced by an enterprise with employees in multiple locations; Problems of distributed computing system for e-commerce; Methods for resource planning and integration.


Bhattacherjee, A. (2001). "Understanding information systems continuance: An expectation-confirmation model." MIS Quarterly 25(3): 351.
	This paper examines cognitive beliefs and affect influencing one's intention to continue using (continuance) information systems (IS). Expectation-confirmation theory is adapted from the consumer behavior literature and integrated with theoretical and empirical findings from prior IS usage research to theorize a model of IS continuance. Five research hypotheses derived from this model are empirically validated using a field survey of online banking users. The results suggest that users' continuance intention is determined by their satisfaction with IS use and perceived usefulness of continued IS use. User satisfaction, in turn, is influenced by their confirmation of expectation from prior IS use and perceived usefulness. Post-acceptance perceived usefulness is influenced by users' confirmation level. This study draws attention to the substantive differences between acceptance and continuance behaviors, theorizes and validates one of the earliest theoretical models of IS continuance, integrates confirmation and user satisfaction constructs within the current understanding of IS use, conceptualizes and creates an initial scale for measuring IS continuance, and offers an initial explanation for the acceptance-discontinuance anomaly.


Bhattacherjee, A. (2002). "Individual trust in online firms: scale development and initial test." Journal of Management Information Systems 19(1): 211,31.
	

Bhattacherjee, A. and G. Premkumar (2004). "UNDERSTANDING CHANGES IN BELIEF AND ATTITUDE TOWARD INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY USAGE: A THEORETlCAL MODEL AND LONGITUDINAL TEST1." MIS Quarterly 28(2): 229.
	User beliefs and attitudes are key perceptions driving information technology usage. These perceptions, however, may change with time as users gain first-hand experience with IT usage, which, in turn, may change their subsequent IT usage behavior. This paper elaborates how users' beliefs and attitudes change during the course of their IT usage, defines emergent constructs driving such change, and proposes a temporal model of belief and attitude change by drawing on expectation-disconfirmation theory and the extant IT usage literature. Student data from two longitudinal studies in end-user computing (computer-based training system usage) and system development (rapid application development software usage) contexts provided empirical support for the hypothesized model, demonstrated its generalizability across technologies and usage contexts, and allowed us to probe context-specific differences. Content analysis of qualitative data validated some of our quantitative results. We report that emergent factors such as disconfirmation and satisfaction are critical to understanding changes in IT users' beliefs and attitudes and recommend that they be included in future process models of IT usage. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]


Bichler, M. (2000). "An Experimental Analysis of Multi-Attribute Auctions." Decision Support Systems 29(3): 249-268.
	

Bieber, M. and D. Engelbart (2002). "Toward Virtual Community Knowledge Evolution." Journal of Management Information Systems 18(4): 11,26.
	

Bigelow, R. P. (1967). "Legal & security issues posed by computer utilities." Harvard Business Review 45 (5): 150.
	The article dwells on various legal and security issues posed by computer utilities. The computer utility, an intriguing new development of modem automatic data processing, is becoming a factor in the planning of many companies. Although the technology of the computer utility has perhaps fascinated businessmen more than anything else, the legal and security aspects also are interesting and important to consider. While it has been possible for many years for a person wanting computational work done to rent a block of time on a temporarily idle computer, or to have his work processed by a service bureau, the computer utility furnishes each user with individual terminals which are connected to a large central processor and provide immediate service. Computer utilities seem be developing mainly in two forms. One arrangement provides computing capability to the individual customer, enabling him to design his own programs, prepare his own files and manipulate his data as he desires without regard to the work of any other user. There other form provides that the utility will pre-store in its memory facts or other information which may be drawn on by the customer to assist in solving his problem.


Birkinshaw, J., R. Nobel, et al. (2002). "Knowledge as a contingency variable: Do the characteristics of knowledge predict organization structure?" Organization Science 13(3): 274.
	This paper examines the validity of knowledge as a contingency variable. Building on recent advances in thinking about the dimensions of knowledge assets, it is argued that such dimensions might have an important influence on organization structure. More specifically, it focuses on 2 dimensions of knowledge - observability and system embeddeness - and their influence over the level of unit autonomy and interunit integration in an international network of R&D units. Statistical analysis of questionnaire responses from 110 R&D unit managers show strong association between the dimensions of knowledge and organization structure. It also indicates partial support for the "fit" hypothesis in contingency theory.


Biros, D. P. and J. F. a. Z. George, R. W. (2002). "Inducing Sensitivity to Deception in order to Improve Decision Making Performance:  A Field Study." MIS Quarterly 26(2): 119,26.
	

Bitzer, J. and P. Schroder (2002). Bug-Fixing and Code-Writing: The Private Provision of Open Source Software. DIW Discussion Papers. Berlin, Germany.
	

Bjiker, W. (2001). Understanding Technological Culture through a Constructivist View of Science, Technology and Society. Visions of STS: Counterpoints in Science, Technology and Society Studies.
	

Blackler, F. (1995). "Knowledge, knowledge work and organizations: An overview and interpretation." Organization Studies 16(6): 1021.
	There is current interest in the competitive advantage that knowledge may provide for organizations and in the significance of knowledge workers, organizational competencies and knowledge-intensive firms. Yet the concept of knowledge is complex and its relevance to organization theory has been insufficiently developed. Common images of knowledge in the organizational literature are identified, and a typology of organizations and knowledge types is constructed. Knowledge is analyzed as an active process that is mediated, situated, provisional, pragmatic and contested. The approach suggests that attention should be focused on the systems through which people achieve their knowledge and on the processes through which new knowledge may be generated.


Blaha, M. P., W. (1999). "Using UML to Design Database Application." Rose Architect 1(3): 40-48.
	

Blaha, M. R., Premerlani, William R., and Rumbaugh, James E. (1956). "Relational Database Design Using an Object-oriented Methodology." Communications of the ACM 31(4): 414 - 427.
	

Blaha, M. R., Premerlani, William R., and Rumbaugh, James E. (1988). "Relational Database Design Using an Object-Oriented Methodology." Communications of the ACM 31(4): 414 - 427.
	

Blau, P. M. and C. M. a. M. Falbe, W. and Tracy, P.K. (1976). "Technology and Organization in Manufacturing." Administrative Science Quarterly 21(1): 20-41.
	

Bloomfield, B. P. and R. Coombs (1992). "Information Technology, Control and Power." Journal of Management Studies 29(4): 459,26.
	

Bloomfield, B. P. and R. Coombs, Cooper, D.J. and Rea, D. (1992). "Machines and Manoeuvres: Responsibility Accounting and the Construction of Hospital Information Systems." Accounting, Management, and Information Technologies 2(4): 197-219.
	

Bloomfield, B. P. and A. Danieli (1995). "The role of management consultants in the development of information technology: The indissoluble nature of socio-political and technical skills." Journal of Management Studies 32(1): 23,24.
	

Bloth, M., P. Yves, et al. (1996). Leveraging Electronic Commerce for Competitive Advantage: A Business Value Framework. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on EDI-OIS.
	

Boehm, B. and V. R. Basili (2000). "Gaining Intellectual Control of Software Development." Computer Magazine 33(5): 27 - 33.
	

Boehm, B. W. (1984). "Software Engineering Economics." IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering SE10(1): 4.
	Applying an economics perspective to software engineering allows the technical programming aspects of a software project to be analyzed in relation to the resource constraints which characterize the software engineering environment. Software engineering economics techniques can provide valuable assistance in resource allocation decision making throughout every phase of the software development life cycle. A variety of software cost estimation techniques are discussed, including: 1. algorithmic cost estimation, 2. expert judgment, 3. cost estimation based on previous experience, 4. price-to-win cost estimation, and 5. top-down/bottom-up costing techniques. In addition, commercially available algorithmic models for software cost estimation are reviewed. Issues which remain to be addressed by software engineering technology are examined, including: 1. software size estimation, 2. software size and complexity metrics, 3. software cost driver attributes and their impacts, and 4. analysis and refinement of software cost models.


Boehm, B. W. and R. Ross (1989). "Theory-W Software Project Management: Principles and Examples." IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 15(7): 902.
	A good software project management theory should be simultaneously simple, general, and specific. To date, those objectives have been difficult to satisfy. This paper presents a candidate software management theory and shows that it satisfies those objectives reasonably well. Reflecting various alphabetical management theories (X, Y, Z), it is called the Theory W approach to software project management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Boland, R. Information Systems Use as an Hermeneutic Process. Qualitative Research in Information Systems. M. D. Myers and D. Avison.
	

Boland, R. J., Jr. and R. V. Tenkasi (1995). "Perspective making and perspective taking in communities of knowing." Organization Science 6(4): 350.
	It is argued that producing knowledge to create innovative products and processes requires the ability to make strong perspectives within a community, as well as the ability to take the perspective of another into account. Models are presented of language, communication, and cognition that can assist in the design of electronic communication system for perspective making and perspective taking. By appreciating how communication is both like a language game played in a local community and also like a transmission of messages through a conduit, and by appreciating how cognition includes a capacity to narrativize experience as well as a capacity to process information, some guidelines are identified for designing electronic communication system to support knowledge work. The communication system proposed emphasizes that narratives can help construct strong perspectives within a community of knowing, and that reflecting upon and representing that perspective can create boundary objects that allow for perspective taking between communities.


Boland, R. J., Jr., R. V. Tenkasi, et al. (1994). "Designing information technology to support distributed cognition." Organization Science 5(3): 456.
	Cognition in organizations is a distributed phenomenon, in which individual members of an organization reflect upon their experience, make plans, or take action. Much of the effort to design information technology to support cognition in organizations has not addressed its distributed quality. To guide the design of information technology, distributed cognition must be viewed as a hermeneutic process of inquiry, emphasizing the importance of individual interpretation and group dialogue. Applications of informatiaon technology which embody such principles would support distributed cognition by assisting individuals in making interpretations of their situation, reflecting on them, and engaging in dialogue about them with others.


Boland, R. J. J. (1979). "Control, Causality, and Information System Requirements." Accounting, Organizations and Society 4(4): 259-272.
	

Bonczek, R. H. and C. W. Holsapple (1980). "The evolving roles of models in decision support systems." Decision Sciences 11(2): 337-.
	

Booch, G. (1999). "UML in ACTION." Communications of the ACM 42(10): 26.
	The article presents information on the Unified Modeling Language (UML). The UML is a graphical language for visualizing, documenting the artifacts of a software-intensive system. The UML was adopted as a standard by the Object Management Group (OMG) in November 1997 and now serves as the standard language of blueprints for software. As such, the UML has found widespread use, it has been applied successfully to build systems for tasks as diverse as e-commerce, command and control, computer games, and others. The UML had its beginnings in the late 1980s. Faced with a new genre of object-oriented programming languages and increasingly complex applications, methodologists began to experiment with alternative approaches to analysis and design. The number of OO methods increased from fewer than 10 to more than 50 between 1989 and 1994. Many users of these methods had trouble finding a modeling language that met their needs completely, thus fueling the so-called method wars. From hard real-time systems to e-business and virtually everything in between, the UML has become part of the mainstream of software development, enabling teams to reconcile and coordinate the needs of various stakeholders, to gain control of their systems' architecture, and to manage complexity.


Boren, M. T. and J. Ramey (2000). "Thinking aloud: Reconciling theory and practice." IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication 43(3): 261.
	Thinking-aloud protocols may be the most widely used method in usability testing, but the descriptions of this practice in the usability literature and the work habits of practitioners do not conform to the theoretical basis most often cited for it: Ericsson and Simon's (1984) seminal work Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports As Data. After reviewing their theoretical basis for thinking aloud, this paper reviews the ways in which actual usability practice diverges from this model. It then explores the concept of speech genre as an alternative theoretical framework. It first considers uses of this new framework that are consistent with Simon and Ericsson's goal of eliciting a verbal report that is as undirected, undisturbed and constant as possible. It then considers how the proposed new approach might handle problems that arise in usability testing that appear to require interventions not supported in the older model.


Borg, K. (1999). "The "chauffeur problem" in the early auto era: Structuration theory and the users of technology." Technology and Culture 40(4): 797.
	Chauffeurs became a serious problem for wealthy motorists during the first decade of the 20th century because they did not behave as servants. Borg examines how chauffeurs used new automotive technology to enhance their social power, how they eventually lost that struggle, and how the consequences persist to this day.


Borgatti, S. P. and R. Cross (2003). "A relational view of information seeking and learning in social networks." Management Science 49(4): 432,14.
	

Borgida, Greenspan, et al. (1985). "Knowledge Representation as the Basis for Requirements Specifications." IEEE Computer 18(4): 82-90.
	

Borgman, A. (1999). Holding on to Reality: The Nature of Information at the Turn of the Millennium. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
	

Bostrom, R. P. and J. S. Heinen (1977). "MIS Problems and Failures: A Socio-Technical Perspective." MIS Quarterly 1(4): 11.
	This article provides, by means of a hypothetical example, the procedures to be followed in applying the Socio-Technical-Systems Approach to information systems design. The need for this approach was presented in the first part of this article which appeared in the September Issue of the MIS Quarterly. Here the authors provide an overview of the Socio-Technical-Systems procedure and show how it could be used in redesigning an information system used by the circulation department of a large newspaper. The step by step approach is intended to illustrate the process to those practitioners feeling that more needs to be done in the area of using computer-based systems to improve the quality of working life of the system users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Bostrom, R. P., L. Olfman, et al. (1990). "The Importance of Learning Style In End-User Training." MIS Quarterly 14(1): 101.
	Several information systems (IS) researchers have emphasized the importance of effective training in ensuring the success of end-user computing (EUC). A vast amount of evidence from research in related areas, such as educational psychology, suggests that such individual differences as learning style may affect users learning about a new EUC software package. The findings are reported from studies that examined the influence of a novice's learning style in learning such typical EUC tools as spreadsheets and electronic mail. A consistent pattern of findings emerges that indicates that learning modes is an important predictor of learning performance, both by itself and in interaction with training methods. The findings suggest that, in the design of training, it is essential to match training methods to individual difference variables. Based on these findings, guidelines are recommended for IS professionals involved in EUC training.


Boudreau, G. and Straub (2001). "Validation in IS Research: A State-of-the-Art Assessment." MIS Quarterly 25(1): 1-16.
	

Boulding, K. E. (1956). "General Systems Theory - The Skeleton of Science." Management Science 2(3): 197,12.
	

Bowker, G. C., S. Timmermans, et al. (1996). Infrastructure and Organizational Transformation: Classifying Nurse's Work. Information Technology and Changes in Organizational Work.
	

Boyatzis, R. E. and E. C. Stubbs (2002). "Learning cognitive and emotional intelligence competencies through graduate management education." Academy of Management Learning and Education 1(2): 150-163.
	

Boynton, A. C., and Zmud, Robert W. (1956). "Information Planning in the 1990's: Directions for Practice and Research." MIS Quarterly 11(1): 58,14.
	

Boynton, A. C., R. W. Zmud, et al. (1994). "The influence of IT management practice on IT use in large organizations." MIS Quarterly 18(3): 299.
	An analysis draws upon the absorptive capacity as the theoretical basis for a pragmatic explanation of key factors affecting information technology (IT) use in large, complex organizations. IT use is defined as the extent to which an organization deploys IT to support operational and strategic tasks. The study uses results from a survey of senior IT managers from 132 firms to examine hypothesized relationships among the following constructs: IT management climate, managerial IT knowledge, IT-management-process effectiveness, and IT use. A structural-equation model is developed using LISREL to assess the relative effects of and interrelationships among these constructs. The study's findings indicate that managerial IT knowledge is a dominant factor in explaining high levels of IT use and that both managerial IT knowledge and IT-management-process effectiveness are influenced by IT management climate.


Brachman (1979). On the Epistemological Status of Semantic Networks. Associative Networks: Representation and Use of Knowledge by Computers. Findler. New York, NY, Academic Press: 3-50.
	

Brachman (1985). "I Lied about the Trees Or, Defaults and Definitions in Knowledge Representation." The AI Magazine 5(3): 80-93.
	

Bradley, P. and R. R. J. Gehrke, and R. Srikant (2002). "Scaling Mining Algorithms to Large Database." Communications of the ACM 45(8): 38 - 43.
	

Brancheau, J. C. and B. D. Janz (1996). "Key Issues in Information Systems Management: 1994-1995 SIM Delphi Results." MIS Quarterly 20(2): 225,18.
	

Brancheau, J. C., B. D. Janz, et al. (1996). "Key issues in information systems management: 1994-95 SIM Delphi results." MIS Quarterly 20(2): 225.
	Over the past 15 years, the Society for Information Management (SIM) has periodically surveyed its members to determine the most critical issues in IS management. Again in 1994-1995, SIM institutional and board members were asked to consider what they felt were the most critical issues facing IS executives over the next 3 to 5 years. Signaling an evolutionary shift in IS management, the study shows business relationship issues have declined in importance compared to technology infrastructure issues. For IS executives and general managers, the key issue framework suggests some general directions for emphasis and provides a coarse measure for benchmarking their own concerns against those of their peers. The results also impact educational missions in teaching and research to the extent that they need to be sensitive to the views of practicing


Brancheau, J. C. and J. C. Wetherbe (1990). "The Adoption of Spreadsheet Software: Testing Innovation Diffusion Theory in the Context of End-User Computing." Information Systems Research 1(2): 115.
	Presents a study which examined the validity of innovation diffusion theory within the context of end-user computing. Theory and hypothesis of the study; Research method; Individual differences by innovativeness; Communication channel usage; Limitations of the study; Implications for practice and research.


Brathwaite, K. S. (1983). "Resolution of Conflicts in Data Ownership and Sharing in a Corporate Environment." Data Base.
	

Bresnahan, T. F., E. Brynjolfsson, et al. (2002). "Information technology, workplace organization, and the demand for skilled labor: Firm-level evidence." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 117(1): 339.
	The hypothesis that the combination of three related innovations -- information technology, complementary workplace reorganization and new products and services -- constitute a significant skill-biased technical change affecting labor demand in the U.S. Using detailed firm-level data, evidence is found of complementarities among all three of these innovations in factor demand and productivity regressions. In addition, firms that adopt these innovations tend to use more skilled labor. The effects of IT on labor demand are greater when IT is combined with a particular organizational investments identified, highlighting the importance of IT-enabled organizational change.


Bright, M. W., A. R. Hurson, et al. (1994). "Automated resolution of semantic heterogeneity in multidatabases." ACM Transactions on Database Systems 19(2): 212.
	A problem in current multidatabase systems is identification of semantically similar data in different local databases. The Summary Schemas Model is proposed as an extension to multidatabase systems to help with semantic identification.


Broadbent, M., P. Weill, et al. (1999). "The implications of information technology infrastructure for business process redesign." MIS Quarterly 23(2): 159.
	Business-process redesign is a pervasive but challenging tool for transforming organizations. Information technology plays an important role by either enabling or constraining successful BPR. The links between firm-wide IT infrastructure and business-process change are explored. IT infrastructure is the base foundation of the IT portfolio, which is shared throughout the firm in the form of reliable services, and is usually coordinated by the IS group. Exploratory case analysis of 4 firms was used to understand the ways IT infrastructure contributes to success in implementing BPR. The finding was that all firms needed a basic level of IT infrastructure capability to implement BPR. The firms that had developed a higher level of IT infrastructure capabilities, before or concurrent with undertaking business process redesign, were able to implement extensive changes to their business processes over relatively short time frames.


Brooks, F. (1987). "No Silver B ullet: Essence and A ccidents of Software Engineering." Computer.
	

Brooks, F. P. (1995). The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering, Anniversary Edition, Addison-Wesley.
	

Brown, C. V. (1997). "Examining the Emergence of Hybrid IS Governance Solutions: Evidence from a Single Case Site." Information Systems Research 8(1): 69.
	The prior IS literature points to the importance of organizational context for predicting a firm's IS governance solution. However, for the most part this literature assumes that firms adopt a uniform IS governance solution for all business units and that this solution can be predicted by context variables at the overall organization level. The purpose of this study is to increase our knowledge about why firms implement a hybrid IS governance solution in which a subset of IS functions that includes systems development is decentralized to some business units, but not to other business units, in the same enterprise. A theoretical framework of context variables at the business unit level is first developed. An embedded, single case study provides an initial test of eight propositions derived from the framework, as well as an opportunity for theory building. Data are collected utilizing both deductive and inductive methods from IS and non-IS executives of a divisionalized Fortune 500 firm in which a uniform decentralized solution for systems development in place for almost a decade has recently been replaced by a hybrid solution. The case study findings suggest that a configuration of four variables characterizes a business unit context conducive to decentralized systems development governance (organic decision-making, high business unit autonomy, a differentiation competitive strategy, and an unstable industry environment). As predicted, however, the influence of these variables is likely to be overridden and a "deviant" solution adopted when deficiencies in IT capabilities are perceived and there is a culture that supports structural change at the business unit level. Additional interview and survey data collected from the key stakeholders are then analyzed in order to develop a richer understanding of the dimensions of the IT capabilities construct at the business unit level. The notion of absorptive capacity provides a theoretical argument for the emergent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Brown, C. V. and G. Clancy (2003). "A Post-Merger IT Integration Success Story: Sallie Mae." MIS Quarterly Executive 2(1): 15-27.
	

Brown, C. V. and S. L. Magill (1994). "Alignment of the IS functions with the enterprise: Toward a." MIS Quarterly 18(4): 371.
	Identifying the best way to organize the information systems (IS) functions within an enterprise has been a critical IS management issue since the mid-1980s. A study was conducted to explain a firm's IS organization design decision for a decentralized, centralized, or hybrid locus of responsibility from an expanded set of environmental, overall organizational, and IS-specific antecedents as well as a larger concept of organizational alignment. Potential antecedents (drivers or enablers) are selected from prior contingency research and the IS literature; other variables emerge form the data collection. Data collected via onsite interviews from IS and general managers in 6 multi-divisional firms, paired by industry, confirm that centralized, decentralized, and hybrid IS structures exist - but often not in pure form - and that industry type is not a strong predictor. Data were also collected via survey form to capture ratings of importance for drivers (for enablers) for a recent IS design change in each firm.


Brown, C. V. and S. L. Magill (1998). "Reconceptualizing the context-design issue for the information systems function." Organization Science 9(2): 176.
	A paper develops theory for predicting the distribution of decision making between the corporate and business-unit levels of management for a subset of information systems resources referred to as systems development. Drawing on literature from the fields of MIS, strategic management, and organization theory, the paper first determines how potentially influential context factors are likely to affect the locus of the lead decision-making role from a multiple-contingencies perspective. Then it theorizes how conflicting corporate and business-unit contingencies are likely to be resolved. Six propositions are presented that predict a centralized, decentralized, or compromise design solution for a given business unit on the basis of: 1. business-level strategy, 2. whether or not information technology plays a strategic role for the business unit, 3. the degree of line managers' IT knowledge at the business-unit level, and 4. the level at which opportunities for IT-related synergies across business units are being pursued at the corporate level.


Brown, J. S. and P. Duguid (1991). "Organizational Learning and Communities of Practice: Toward a Unified View of Working, Learning and Innovation." Organization Science 2(1): 40-57.
	

Brown, J. S. and P. Duguid (1998). "Organizing knowledge." California Management Review 40(3): 90-112.
	

Brown, J. S. and P. Duguid (2000). "Balancing act: How to capture knowledge without killing it." Harvard Business Review 78(3): 73.
	Everyone knows that the way things are formally organized in most companies (their processes) is not the same as the way things are actually done (their practices). The difference between the 2 creates tension that can be very difficult for managers to handle. The goal is to tap into the creativity at work in very layer of an organization with a combination of process and practice. Take for example, the community of people who fix Xerox machines. When following the service manual is not enough, the reps come together - over breakfast, at breaks, at the end of the day - and talk about their best practices. It has set up a process similar to an academic peer-review system to gather, vet, and share those best practices across the company. The reps get much-welcome recognition for their creativity, and local best practices are deployed companywide.


Brown, J. S. and J. Hagel Iii (2003). "Does IT Matter?" Harvard Business Review 81(7): 109.
	This article presents a letter to the editor in response to the article "IT Doesn't Matter," by Nicholas Carr, published in the May 2003 issue of "Harvard Business Review," which deals with the importance of information technology in businesses.


Brown, J. S. and J. I. Hagel (2003). "Does IT matter?" Harvard Business Review: 109-112.
	

Brown, M. R. and A. W. Gatian (1995). "Strategic Information Systems and Financial Performance." Journal of Management Information Systems 11(4): 215,34.
	

Brown, R. B. and M. J. Woodland (1999). "Managing Knowledge Wisely: a case study in organisational behaviour." Journal of Applied Management Studies 8(2): 175.
	ABSTRACT Essvac, a subsidiary of Archer Pharmaceuticals Ltd (AP), is a capital-intensive organisation but, nevertheless, employs a number of knowledge workers. Henry Blake is such a knowledge worker, assigned to the R&D division, and is more experienced in vaccine R&D, production, and quality control than anyone else in the entire AP Group. He will be retiring in 18 months' time and there are no systems in place to retain his knowledge for the organisation. Furthermore, it is generally accepted that his knowledge will be lost. Over the years, Henry has disseminated much of his knowledge to a number of individuals. This could be seen as a way of preserving the knowledge within the organisation, but the organisational culture has led to this knowledge being internalised by the recipients and used as a component of their own individual power bases for the purposes of control and defence. Organisational knowledge tends, therefore, to reside at the individual level, which results in poor feedback systems and very little production of new knowledge. Knowledge is not recognised as a manageable resource by any level of the organisational management. There is a basic unwillingness to learn at the senior level, although there is recognition of the need for learning and change at middle management level and below. The organisational culture is seen to be a major barrier to both organisational and individual learning and is enforced from the top. Planned development is resisted, although AP has been recently forced to restructure in response to environmental pressures. The paper suggests that a corrosive approach from within the management hierarchy could lead to change, although this would be extremely slow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Browne, G. J. and M. B. Rogich (2001). "An empirical investigation of user requirements elicitation: Comparing the effectiveness of prompting techniques." Journal of Management Information Systems 17(4): 223,27.
	

Brun-Cottan, F. and P. Wall (1995). "Using Video to Re-Present the User." Communications of the ACM 38(5): 61.
	This article describes a few of the approaches found useful in developing, evolving and sharing an understanding of user requirements regarding system design. It describes some of the substantial contributions work practice methods and techniques can provide toward understanding user requirements, involving users in the development and iteration of innovative technologies and sharing understandings gained about requirements and their implications for product development. Of the available tools in our tool kit, we think video excels in presenting users activities, their work environment, and concerns. In conjunction with graphical representations, video-based data-gathering techniques enable participants to observe materials on which understandings about them are being based and provide feedback on those understandings. As an unanticipated bonus it was found that designers can express their appreciation for the participants for their involvement by providing them with videos and representation of their work that they can use for their own purposes.


Brynjolfsson, E. (1993). "The Productivity Paradox of Information Technology." Communications of the ACM 36(12): 66 - 77.
	

Brynjolfsson, E. (1996). "Paradox Lost? Firm-Level Evidence of on the returns to Information Systems spending." Management Science 42(4): 541,18.
	

Brynjolfsson, E. and C. F. Kemerer (1996). "Network Externalities in Microcomputer Software: An Econometric Analysis of the Spreadsheet Market." Management Science 42(2): 1627,21.
	

Brynjolfsson, E. and T. Malone (1994). "Does information Technology lead to smaller firms." Management Science 40(12): 1628,17.
	

Brynjolfsson, E. and M. D. Smith (2000). "Frictionless Commerce? A comparison of Internet and Conventional Retailers." Management Science 46(4): 563,23.
	

Bui, T. and J. Lee (1999). "An agent-based framework for building decision support systems." Decision Support Systems 25(3): 225-237.
	

Burke, K. and L. Chidambaram (1999). "How much bandwidth is enough? A longitudinal examination of media characteristics and group outcomes." MIS Quarterly 23(4): 557,23.
	

Burkhardt, M. E. and D. J. Brass (1990). "Changing patterns or patterns of change: The effects of a change in technology on social network structure and power." Administrative Science Quarterly 35(1): 104-128.
	

Burrell, G. and G. Morgan (1979). Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis. London, Heinemann.
	

Butler, B. S. (2001). "Membership Size, Communication Activity, and Sustainability: A Resource-Based Model of Online Social Structures." Information Systems Research 12(4): 346.
	As telecommunication networks become more common, there is an increasing interest in the factors underlying the development of online social structures. It has been proposed that these structures are new forms of organizing which are not subject to the same constraints as traditional social structures. However, from anecdotal evidence and case studies it is difficult to evaluate whether online social structures are subject to the same problems as traditional social structures. Drawing from prior studies of traditional social structures and empirical analyses of longitudinal data from a sample of Internet-based groups, this exploratory work considers the role of size and communication activity in sustainable online social structures. A resource-based theory of sustainable social structures is presented.Members contribute time, energy, and other resources,enabling a social structure to provide benefits for individuals. These benefits, which include information,in.uence,and social support,are the basis for a social structures ability to attract and retain members.This model focuses on the system of opposing forces that link membership size as a component of resource availability and communication activity as an aspect of benefit provision to the sustainability f an online social structure.Analyses of data from a random sample of e-mail-based Internet social structures (listservs) indicate that communication activity and size have both positive and negative effects in a structure's sustainability. These results suggest that while the use of networked communication technologies may alter the form of communication, balancing the opposing impacts f membership size and communication activity in order to maintain resource availability and provide bene.ts for current members remains a fundamental problem underlying the development of sustainable online social structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Butler, J., D. J. Morrice, et al. (2001). "A Multiple Attribute Utility Theory Approach to Ranking and Selection." Management Science 47(6): 800.
	Managers of large industrial projects often measure performance by multiple attributes. For example, our paper is motivated by the simulation of a large industrial project called a land seismic survey, in which project performance is based on duration, cost, and resource utilization. To address these types of problems, we develop a ranking and selection procedure for making comparisons of systems (e.g., project configurations) that have multiple performance measures. The procedure combines multiple attribute utility theory with statistical ranking and selection to select the best configuration from a set of possible configurations using the indifference-zone approach. We apply our procedure to results generated by the simulator for a land seismic survey that has six performance measures, and describe a particular type of sensitivity analysis that can be used as a robustness check. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Butler, K. A. (1996). "Usability Engineering Turns 10." Interactions: 59-75.
	

Buyya, R., D. Abramson, et al. (2002). "Economic models for resource management and scheduling in Grid computing." Concurrency and Computation-Practice and Experience 14(13-15): 1507-1542.
	

Byrd, T. A. and K. L. Kossick (1992). "A synthesis of research on requirements analysis and knowledge acquisition technologies." MIS Quarterly 16(1): 117,22.
	

Byrne, D. (2002). Interpreting Quantitative Data. De Vaus, DA, Sage.
	

Campbell, D. T. (1996). "Unresolved issues in measurement validity: An autobiographical overview." Psychological Assessment 8(4): 363.
	Campbell reviews known but neglected validity issues in measurement from the perspective of his 50-year history of research.


Campbell, D. T. and D. W. Fiske (1959). "Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix." Psychological Bulletin 56: 81-105.
	

Campbell, D. T. and J. C. Stanley (1996). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Chicago, Rand McNally College Publishing Company.
	

Cannella, A. and R. Paetzold (1994). "Pfeffer’s Barriers to the Advance of Organizational Science: A Rejoinder." Academy of Management Review 19(2): 331-342.
	

Carlile, P. R. (2002). "A pragmatic view of knowledge and boundaries: Boundary objects in new product development." Organization Science 13(4): 442.
	This study explores the premise that knowledge in new product development proves both a barrier to and a source of innovation. To understand the problematic nature of knowledge and the boundaries that result, an ethnographic study was used to understand how knowledge is structured differently across the four primary functions that are dependent on each other in the creation and production of a high-volume product. A pragmatic view of knowledge in practice is developed, describing knowledge as localized, embedded and invested within a function and how, when working across functions, consequences often arise that generate problematic knowledge boundaries. The use of a boundary object is then described as a means of representing, learning about, and transforming knowledge to resolve the consequences that exist at a given boundary. Finally, this pragmatic view of knowledge and boundaries is proposed as a framework to revisit the differentiation and integration of knowledge.


Carlson, G. L. B. a. G. (1989). "Characteristics of Periodical Literature for the Potential Reader or Author in Information Management." MIS Quarterly 13(2): 220,10.
	

Carlson, J. R. and R. W. Zmud (1999). "Channel expansion theory and the experiential nature of madia richness perceptions." Academy of Management Journal 42(2): 153-171.
	

Caron, J. R. and S. L. Jarvenpaa (1994). "Business Reengineering at CIGNA Corporation: Experiences and Lessons Learned From the First Five Years." MIS Quarterly 18(3): 233,18.
	

Carr, N. G. (2003). "IT doesn't matter." Harvard Business Review 81(5): 41.
	As information technology has grown in power and ubiquity, companies have come to view it as ever more critical to their success; their heavy spending on hardware and software clearly reflects that assumption. But scarcity, not ubiquity, makes a business resource truly strategic - and allows companies to use it for a sustained competitive advantage. You only gain an edge over rivals by doing something that they cannot. IT is the latest in a series of broadly adopted technologies - think of the railroad or the electric generator - that have reshaped industry over the past two centuries. IT management should, frankly, become boring. It should focus on reducing risks, not increasing opportunities. For example, companies need to pay more attention to ensuring network and data security. Even more important, they need to manage IT costs more aggressively. IT may not help a company gain a strategic advantage, but it could easily put a company at a cost disadvantage.


Carroll, J. (1997). "Human-Computer Interaction: Psychology as a Science of Design." Journal of Human-Computer Studies 46: 501-522.
	

Carte, T. and C. Russel (2003). "In Pursit of Moderation: Nine Common errors and their Solutions." MIS Quarterly 27(3): 479,24.
	

Caspari, J. A. (1968). "Fundamental Concepts of Information Theory." Management Accounting 49: 8-10.
	

Cavaye, A. L. (1996). "Case study research: a multi-faceted research approach for IS." Information Systems Journal 6(3): 227-242.
	

Chan, H. C., K. K. Wei, et al. (1993). "User-database interface: The effect of abstraction levels on query performance." MIS Quarterly 17(4): 441.
	A common classification of data models is based on their abstraction levels - physical, logical, and conceptual. The user-database interaction can be similarly classified. For the conceptual-level interaction, the user and the database exchange information on the user's world. For the logical-level interaction, the user and the database communicate based on concepts in the database system. The conceptual level should be easier because it is semantically closer to the user. This deduction was tested in an experiment using the entity-relationship (ER) model for the conceptual-level model and the relational model for the logical-level model. The results were affirmative. The users at the conceptual level had 38% higher accuracy and 16% higher confidence than users at the logical level. The conceptual-level users took 65% less time than the logical-level users, and it took 33% less time to train them. The huge differences indicate that noticeable improvements can be made by switching from the relational model to the ER model. The experiment also provided valuable data on errors commonly made by users.


Chan, Y. E., S. L. Huff, et al. (1997). "Business Strategic Orientation, Information Systems Strategic Orientation, and Strategic Alignment." Information Systems Research 8(2): 125.
	Information systems strategic alignment--the fit between business strategic orientation and information systems (IS) strategic orientation--is an important concept. This study measured business strategic orientation, IS strategic orientation, and IS strategic alignment, and investigated their implications for perceived IS effectiveness and business performance. Analyses of data gathered in a mail survey of North American financial services and manufacturing firms indicated that 1) business strategic orientation, IS strategic orientation, and IS strategic alignment are modeled best by utilizing holistic, 'systems' approaches instead of dimension-specific, 'bivariate' approaches, 2) three generic IS strategic orientations can be detected, 3) user information satisfaction does not capture important strategic aspects of IS effectiveness, 4) IS strategic alignment is a better predictor of IS effectiveness than is strategic orientation, and 5) business strategic orientation, IS strategic alignment, and IS effectiveness have positive impacts on business performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Chari, K. (2002). "Model Composition Using Filter Spaces." Information Systems Research 13(1): 15.
	Decision support systems (DSS) typically contain data and models to facilitate decision making. DSS users, in response to a particular decision-making situation, often execute a sequence of models, in which inputs to a model in the sequence are obtained from outputs of other models upstream in the sequence and from database retrievals. The problem of generating a sequence of models from the set of available models is known as the model composition problem. In this paper, we propose a new construct called filter spaces to support model composition. We show how filter spaces can significantly facilitate automation of model composition and execution process, and provide effective means to integrate partial solutions from multiple composite models and databases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


Chari, K. (2003). "Model Composition in a Distributed Environment." Decision Support Systems 35(3): 399-413.
	

Chari, K. (2004). "Demystifying Integration." Communications of the ACM 47(7): 58 - 63.
	

Chatterjee, D. and V. J. Richardson (2001). "Examining the shareholder wealth effects of announcements of newly created CIO positions." MIS Quarterly 25(1): 43,17.
	

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